But in the first speeches he constantly called for growth of labour productivity, amplification of feeling of the responsibility, to social justice.
As against Sadat new the head of the state abstained from promises, but invariable tried to give a new pulse to economic policy. He slowly but to develop began truly in Egypt democracy, trusting what exactly it will provide in long-term prospect political stability to a mode. It is more than that, he has frankly declared people, that the government can solve all problems facing to it.
- New Egypt will be constructed only by work of Egyptians, - the president likes to repeat.
Nevertheless, Mubarak in the intention to improve economy still
recognizes that "infitah" - the policy of open doors begun by Sadat,
basically was correct, but it was put into practice unsuccessfully and was
discredited corruption, reigned in Egypt. Having received thanking Camp-
Daving to agreements "special" attitudes from USA, president Mubarak tried
to squeeze out from them a maximum possible. Both in political, and in the
economic plan, skilfully playing on aspiration of Americans to be fixed on
Near East.
Using such trump card as threat of freezing, and even a severance of diplomatic relations with Israel, Mubarak has received to some extent to influence a middle East policy of USA. Certainly, a degree of this influence to overestimate does not cost, but it, undoubtedly, is.
President Mubarak, certainly, appreciates communications of Egypt and USA as receives from them two, and even it is more, billions dollars annually as gratuitous gifts, loans and military credits. These injections of steel for him that "lifebuoy ring" which keeps on shallow the Egyptian economy.
But also here there are strict limits on cooperation, is especial at
a political level. So, for example, on the offer of USA to help with
construction of military base on Red sea for the forces of fast expansion
the Egyptian president has answered with resolute refusal.He has declared,
that Egypt will construct its itself and will keep there the control.
Americans can use it when Cairo will consider military intervention of
Washington necessary.
Never refusing "special" attitudes from USA, Mubarak at the same time has made appreciable efforts for restoration of normal diplomatic relations with Soviet Union which were completely normalized in 1984. Practically all obstacles, long time braking development of attitudes between our countries today are eliminated.
It is not necessary to think, however, that " independent flight "
passed president Mubaraka smoothly. The Israeli intrusion into Lebanon in
June, 1982 has caused internal pressure on Mubarak with the purpose to
change character of the egipetsko-Israeli attitudes. One more test for him
steel of excitement of 17 thousand employees of forces of the internal
safety, having a place in February, 1986. The army has quickly suppressed
these excitements, and the president, due to resolute actions, has
strengthened the positions even more.
AEROBATICS
In October, 1987 the National assembly of Egypt unanimously has
selected Hosny Mubarak the president on the second six-year term. In
November of the same year the League of Arabian countries (LAC) has made
the decision that its members can restore if will wish, full diplomatic
relations with Egypt. Nine countries, including Saudi Arabia, almost
immediately have directed the ambassadors to Cairo.
In December of the same year in Cairo the flag above representation of Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) was lifted. Thus Mubarak has shown, that Egypt again is ready to play a role of the "traffic controller" assisting negotiations PLO and USA, Jordan and Israel about convocation of peace conference on Near East.
One of the key factors which have defined finally success of a
strategic rate of diplomacy Mubarak on full returning of Egypt in the
Arabian numbers, precisely thought over, consecutive behaviour of Cairo in
its contacts to Tel Aviv was. From the moment of coming to power by the new
president very successful form of the attitude of Egypt to Israel was
produced: " Prospects of development of bilaterial communications are
defined by the general situation on Near East, process of middle East
settlement ".
Such formulation (and Mubarak followed it strictly) enabled to hold
Israel on respectful distance. On the other hand, the similar position
obviously directed on protection common Arabian of interests, could not
remain unnoticed in the Arabian capitals.
Has not remained unnoticed and such fact: president Mubarak - the
unique Egyptian head of a high rank whom has refused to visit Israel,
despite of numerous official invitations. To tell the truth, when him
already "have absolutely got", and he could not resist to pressing, he had
to go at some o'clock per the small Israeli settlement located in desert
Negev. " I have made it against my heart... " - he has admitted later.
Besides the Egyptian president willingly offered the services for
settlement of many bilateral conflicts, for example, irano-Iraq. All this
has helped creation of completely new representation about Egypt, radical
image distinguished from Sadat's representation. In many respects this was
promoted also by the person of Mubarak.
Sadat loved formal receptions, magnificent suppers, ceremonial. Mubarak
does not love high life, hates everything, that, in his opinion, is an
excess. Sadat adored to appear on public in motley military uniforms at
numerous awards. Mubarak does not put on the form since the civil post has
held.
Sadat was completely corrupt, Mubarak - the incorruptible patriot.
Sadat spent time in magnificent palaces. Mubarak lives in the small 2-
storeyed country house constructed by him(it) on own means still(even) in
1971.
Sadat the born actor, the fan of light of a stage and long tiresome speeches. Mubarak has no eloquence, but he also is deprived propensities of the predecessor to eccentric to theatrical gestures, frankly dislikes chatterers.
Intellectuals laugh at him, tell about him every possible histories.
But not malicious, as about Sadat.
Mubarak it is sincerely devoted to business of democracy, Sadat only dexterously juggled with this term. The new president in practice has proved, that his performances in protection of a personal freedom - not mere words. At him political life in the country began more democratic, than at Sadat.
In Egypt many consider, that Mubarak, becoming the witness of attempt at the predecessor, has learnt from this the important lesson: it is better to move forward gradually and to risk only insignificant failures, than to try to supervise over the country in the dictatorial style of Sadat fraught with shocks. Probably, for this reason care, the pragmatism, moderation and a sequence became distinctive features of a political rate at the new president.
Naming Mubarak "embodiment of care", already mentioned Heikal emphasizes, that it "care of the skilled pilot to which before he will lift the plane in top, the exact data on weather, loading and other data " are necessary.
In opinion of one western diplomat, Mubarak, in essence, has remained
" the rectilinear commander who gives orders and expects obedience ". But
he not the dictator. He first of all the militarian who annoys if his
orders are not carried out.
Egyptians in the greater degree, than inhabitants of other countries,
appreciate a shade of some greatness in the heads. Therefore many criticize
Mubarak for his modest suits, the not refined speech and excessive shyness.
They consider, that he has not enough scope of the present statesman.
Anyway, but due to persistence and thin feeling of a step president
Mubarak has managed to rally Egypt and to return to it former authority.
Arabs could not understand unpredictable of Sadat and did not trust him.
Mubarak with his consecutive and realistic foreign line to them it be clear
and causes trust. With him want to deal.
Having disseminated the extremely adverse impression made on
Arabian world by Sadat, president Mubarak has managed to turn to itself
arabs.
Year of 1989 became rotary both for Egypt, and for Mubarak. The
president started to play more and more appreciable role on middle East,
African and even world stages.
The National hero Egyptians come back of Casablanca Mubarak where there passed the interArabian meeting have met. At this summit the president of Egypt already in the first speech with resoluteness inherent in him has let know, that Cairo is going to provide to itself indisputable leadership in the Arabian world.
Alongside with increase of the prestige abroad, the Egyptian president has strengthened the authority and inside the country.
The Ministry of Educatuon of the Russian Federation
The State University of Humanitarian Sciences
The Department of Foreign Languages
HOSNY MUBARAK – THE PRESIDENT OF EGYPT
The student of the first year the Department of political studies
Nikolaeva Ekaterina Alekseevna
Moscow, 2002
CONTENTS:
Introduction.
1. Hosny Mubarak – “Misner Honesty”.
2. Independent fligyt.
3. Aerobatics.
Conclusion.
Literature.
INTRODUCTION
In an extreme antiquity the territory of Egypt became a cradle of one
of the first in a history of mankind of civilizations. It many times was
exposed to invasions of foreign conquerors. In 1882 Egypt was occupied by
England, in 1914 is posted by the English protectorate. Formal declaration
Egypt as independent kingdom has taken place in 1922. Having imposed to
Egypt in 1936 the unequal contract, England continued to occupy a zone of
Suez canal. June, 18, 1953 Egypt is proclaimed by republic.
After revolution of 1953 at life of the oustanding figure of the
Arabian national-liberation movement of president Nasera in Egypt
progressive social and economic transformations were carried out. The
antiimperialistic foreign policy, a rate on friendship and widespread
cooperation from the USSR and was consistently carried out by other
socialist countries.
From the beginning 1970 years внетренняя and the foreign policy of
Egypt began to undergo essential changes. Its management led by Садатом
began to pursue a policy of " liberalization of economy " and " open doors
", характеризовавшуюся wide encouragement of the private capital and
foreign investments. Over a policy of the Egyptian management has prevailed
proimperialistic a rate. In result the country experiences sharp
sociopolitical and an economic crisis.
In Egypt counteraction to an antinational reactionary rate of a mode amplified on the part of various political forces. Trying to suppress this counteraction, authorities resorted to more and more wide reprisals. It has resulted in an aggravation of conditions in the country. October, 6, 1981 during military parade in Cairo the group of the military men belonging to the Muslim religious organization, accomplishes attempt on Sadat and he was killed.
The New Egyptian management continues to carry out in basically a foreign policy leaning on close cooperation with USA. Inside the country it has cancelled some repressive measures. The significant number of political prisoners is released.
The constitution Working in Egypt is accepted September, 11, 1971.
The supreme body of legislature - National assembly.
CONCLUSION
Many recollect, that in the first years of board Mubarak has taken advantage in the interests of a condition of the general simplification which has come after destruction of Sadat, and the termination of the dramatized performances of the former president. Prudence new heads of the state was perceived faster as the certificate of wisdom, instead of as an attribute of shyness. He typed glasses, making special accent on modesty and focusing mass media on reduction of attention to his person and members of family. Among some other innovations he has sworn himself to limit the speeches till one hour.
Today, as well as within service in the Air Forces, president Mubarak wakes up in five mornings and prepares for breakfast for family. From six up to eight studies reports and messages then leaves for the office.
Till 15-00 - meetings with foreign delegations, meetings with members
of the government and experts. Then two school hours sports in club of the
Air Forces - gymnastics and "squash" (game reminding tennis). The tightened
figure the president can give odds to young people.
In the Evening - continuation of a working day.
For years of board Mubarak has recommended itself, if not as the big statesman, that, at least, as the sincere and reliable Arabian head. Can solve numerous problems of the country, he, nevertheless, uses the best efforts to prevent decline.
The tasks worth today before the president, hard for Egypt is located in region where the extremism represents the usual phenomenon, and the moderate approach - exception.
Hosny Mubarak can make still very much. The only thing, that he should not make is to wait...
LITERATURE
1) The directory of “The Country of the world”, 1986.
2) The big encyclopaedic dictionary, 1991.
3) The concise Oxford dictionary of politics, 2001.
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