Реферат: Столыпин и революция сверху
Реферат: Столыпин и революция сверху
1Noieuiei e ?aaiethoeey naa?oo.
I/aaeaeii, /oi i?eaeiaeueiinoue, i?eienuaaaiay iaie no?aoaaeyi oao
iieeoe/aneeo aiaeaeae ?innee, eioi?uo iu aoaeai ianoaeaeaoue ieaea, ia
oa?aeoa?eciaaeanue iaeie aano?aeoiie "iiaeciie", iineaaeiaaoaeueiie e
caeii/aiiie. Yoe no?aoaaee i?aaenoaaeyee niaie iaeaiae oaea
auneacuaaaoeony e caeinoaiaaiiuo eaeae e niaa?oaiii iiauo acaeyaeia,
ia?aieaoaaoeony n i?aaiaoe/aneeie i?iaeoaie e oaeoe/aneeie
eiii?iiennaie. A ?acoeueoaoa /anoi auoiaeeei ia/oi i?ioeai?a/eaia e
iinoiyiii iaiythuaany. Ii yoeo aeayoaeae iauaaeeieei, auaeaeeei ec anao
i?i/eo e iaania/eaaei eo iieeoe/aneia aeeyiea iaeii iniaia naienoai - eo
aiaeeoe/aneay aeeciaiiay neea, o.a. niiniaiinoue ioa?ineoue
ainiiaenoaothuea i?aaenoaaeaiey i?ioeiai e iieoe iaoiaeaiuie o?iiaie,
iuoaynue acaeiiaeaenoaiaaoue n oie iaiaeeaeaiiie ?inneae, eioi?ay aae?oa
ioe?ueanue a i?ioeanna ?aaiethoeee. Ia ee/iinoiii o?iaia yoi naienoai
aace?iaaeinue ia niiniaiinoe auoue aeinoaoi/ii aacaeaeinoiui ii
ioiioaieth e nianoaaiiui nioeeaeueiui eee eioaeeaeooaeueiui enoieai,
aeenoaioee?iaaoueny io ieo e iuneeoue "e?oiiiianooaaii", o.a. oiaoue
inoaaeoue ianiaoiia eiiaiea a eioaeeaeooaeueiuo caaaeao ?aaee nicaeaiey
a?aiaeeiciuo i?iaeoia nioeeaeueiuo i?aia?aciaaiee. ?acoeueoao caaenae
i?aaeaea anaai io iauae nioeeaeueiie neooaoeee, ii oaeaea e io
niiniaiinoe eeaea?ia auae?aoue i?aaeeueioth oaeoeeo, a a iniaaiiinoe io
eo oiaiey aeiee?iaaoueny n nithcieeaie e aanoe naie "eaae?u" /a?ac
aeanoieea iieeoe/aneea noieeiiaaiey, eioi?ua iaecaaaeii aicieeaee,
eiaaea nayuaiiui ei?iaai e eo aa?iui ianoooai a?inaeny aucia.
N 1906 a. a i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiii eaaa?a oaeie oeao?ie aue Iao? Noieuiei.
Iiiaia auei neacaii aai auaoeie iiiiuieeaie, a?aaaie e aeia?aoaie i oii,
/oi aai i?iaeou auee aiana ia i?eaeiaeueiu, caeinoaiaaiu ec eiioeaioeee
ae?oaeo ethaeae e oao iiiai/eneaiiuo i?ia?aii, eioi?ua iueeeenue a
a?oeaao Ieienoa?noaa aioo?aiieo aeae ?innee. Ai iiiaii yoi
aeaenoaeoaeueii oae. Aiana ia Noieuieio i?eiaaeeaaeeo aaoi?noai
eeth/aauo yeaiaioia ?aoi?i, eioi?ua naycaiu n aai eiaiai. ?ieue
Noieuieia caeeth/aaony a oii, /oi ii nia?ae yoe yeaiaiou aiaaeeii e
i?eaeae ei iniaoth eaaeoeiiinoue a eiioaenoa ?aaiethoeee, iiaee?aiee eo
aaoi?eoaoii /aeiaaea, eioi?ue a naiai ea/anoaa ?uoea?y eiio??aaiethoeee
ia eaeia-oi a?aiy noae ethaeioeai i?aaeoaeae ?innee e iinoaaee ei ia
neoaeao niaieoiiinoue aaeieieno?aoeaiuo ?ano?nia, iaoiaeeaoeony a
?anii?yaeaiee i?aiuea?-ieieno?a e Ieienoa?noaa aioo?aiieo aeae. E?iia
oiai, ?a/ue caeanue eaeao i neeueiie ee/iinoe, eioi?ay oieaaeanue naiae
oeaio?aeueiie ?ieueth a ?acai?a/eaaaoaeny iauanoaaiii-enoi?e/aneie
ae?aia. Yia?ae/iue, iieiaeie (a naie ni?ie o?e aiaea Noieuiei noae naiui
iieiaeui ieieno?ii ?innee), ?aaioiniiniaiue, /anoiethaeaue e ai?aeue,
e?anii?a/eaaeoee caueoiee iiia?oee a ia?eaiaioa, - ii ia iia ia
inoaoueny a iaiyoe e ae?ocae e a?aaia eae "iineaaeiee aaeeeee caueoiee
naiiaea?aeaaey".
Noieuieineee aaia?aeueiue ieai ii ia?aaiaeo ?inneeneie eiia?ee a iiaoth
y?o (e oaioiaaiiay ei aeey naay ?ieue "aoi?iai Aenia?ea", au?aaeaynue
ycueii oiai a?aiaie) aue a iniiaiuo aai caaiueyo ?ac?ooai ?inneeneei
eiina?aaoeaiui eiaae. Ec inoaaoeony iaeiieia eeoue iaeei caeii aue
i?eiyo e aaaaeai a aeaenoaea - caeii i caieaaeaaeaiee e caieaono?ienoaa.
Yoe caeiiiaeaoaeueiua aeou e iieo/eee iacaaiea "noieuieineie ?aoi?iu" a
aiiaeao iineaaeothueo iieieaiee. Oaeoe/anee ?a/ue oea i eoaea aieaa
oe?ieii "iaeaoa ?aoi?i", naycaiiuo aioo?aiiae eiaeeie a iiaue
iieeoe/aneee eo?n. Yoio iaeao ?aoi?i niaea?aeae aeaeaiea iiaie ?innee -
"aaeeeie ?innee", i?ioeaiiinoaaeaiiie Noieuieiui a aai ciaiaieoie ?a/e
"aaeeeei iio?ynaieyi", eioi?uo, ii aai iiaieth, aeaeaee ?aaeeeaeu e
?aaiethoeeiia?u. Aeaaiuie yeaiaioaie ?aoi?iu auee eae i?aia?aciaaiea
?inneeneie aea?aaie - ?a/ue eaeao i aieaa /ai 80% ianaeaiey no?aiu, -
oae e ia?ano?ieea ainoaea?noaaiiie iaoeiu. Oaeaea i?aaeiieaaaeinue
naeaeaoue aieaa ie?iie aiaoithth iieeoeeo ?innee, oe?a aiaeaeaoue a
iieeoe/aneea e yeiiiie/aneea i?ioeannu oa yoii?aeeaeiciua iaiueoeinoaa
?innee, eioi?ua iiaee niinianoaiaaoue iaeeaeaieth eiiia?/aneie
aeayoaeueiinoe, oniaa?oainoaiaaoue nenoaio ia?aciaaiey e nicaeaoue
anaiauoth nenoaio nioeeaeueiiai iaania/aiey aeey ai?iaeneeo iaaiiuo
?aai/eo. Eiaaea nenoaia oi?aaeaiey aoaeao oniaa?oainoaiaaia e naeueneia
iauanoai i?aia?aciaaii (e oaeei ia?acii aoaeao auaeoa ii/aa ec-iiae iia
yna?ianeiai aeaeaeaiey, /uea aicaeaenoaea ia iaueiiia e?anoueyinoai
Noieuiei n/eoae aeaaiie iaiin?aaenoaaiiie oa?icie naiiaea?aeaaeth),
?inney ia/iao aeaeaeaiea e oiio, /oi aiineaaenoaee aoaeao iacaaii
naii?acaeaathueiny ?inoii aeaaininoiyiey, i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoe e
eoeueoo?u, a neaaeiaaoaeueii, e iieeoe/aneie iiue. I?aaeiieaaaeinue, /oi
oiaaea, eae e ?aiueoa, iauanoaaiiay naiiaeayoaeueiinoue aeieaeia aoaeao
ni/aoaoueny n yia?ae/iui i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiui aiaoaoaeuenoaii. Ia
auiieiaiea yoie i?ia?aiiu aue ioaaaeai ei?ioeee e /aoei ii?aaeaeaiiue
ia?eiae a?aiaie - "aeaaaeoeaoue eao iieiy, aioo?aiiaai e aiaoiaai",
iinea /aai, iaauae Noieuiei, "au ia ociaaoa iuiaoiae ?innee!". Noieuiei
aia?aua iaia?iaeiaae yoe ieaiu a naiae ?a/e ia ioe?uoee Aoi?ie Aeoiu a
1907 a. N?aaee naiuo iaioeiaeiuo ia? ii iacaae oiaaea ia oieueei
iiaeaaeaiea ?aaiethoeeiiiiai aeaeaeaiey, ii e ?ac?ooaiea iaueiiiai
caieaaeaaeaiey, a oaeaea aaeieieno?aoeaiua ?aoi?iu, eioi?ua ioaaoeee au
(iiieii aiia?aoa Ieienoa?noaa aioo?aiieo aeae) auai?iua ai?iaeneea
aeanoe, noaeu e iieeoeeth. Ca yoeie ia?aie aeieaeiu auee iineaaeiaaoue
?aoi?iu a a?iee e ia oeioa, o?aaiaiea a i?aaao noa?iia?yaeoeaa e
?anoe?aiea i?aa aa?aeneiai ianaeaiey, niaa?oainoaiaaiea
aeaeaciiaei?iaeiie naoe, nicaeaiea nenoaiu nioeeaeueiiai no?aoiaaiey e
iaineiiiiai iaania/aiey, aaaaeaiea (a aeieain?i/iie ia?niaeoeaa)
iaycaoaeueiiai aanieaoiiai ia?aciaaiey, ocaeiiaiea iiauo a?aaeaeaineeo
i?aa e ?aoi?ia iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey. I/aaeaeai aue ianaeaaaiue iiia?oeci
Noieuieia e aai no?anoue e "caeiio e ii?yaeeo". ("Ia caioaaaoa", -
?yaeioe ii a ioaao ia y?inoiua iaiaaeee iiiiceoeee a Aeoia,
iineaaeiaaaoea ca aai iaauaieai "ainnoaiiaeoue ii?yaeie e niieienoaea"
ia?aie i?aaeoaeuenoaa "noieeiai e /enoi ?onneiai".) Ii
i?iaeaiiino?e?iaae na?ueaciinoue yoeo iaia?aiee e nicaeaieai
aiaiii-iieaauo noaeia, e oe?ieei i?eiaiaieai nia?oiie eacie, e ?acaiiii
Aoi?ie Aeoiu a oiaea ainoaea?noaaiiiai ia?aai?ioa, a ?acoeueoaoa
eioi?iai aue eciaiai ecae?aoaeueiue caeii. Iaeiaei yoio iiaeeeiiue
eiio??aaiethoeeiia? iiieiae n naiiai ia/aea, /oi "?aoi?iu ai a?aiy
?aaiethoeee iaiaoiaeeiu, oae eae ?aaiethoeeth ii?iaeeee a aieueoae ia?a
iaaeinoaoee aioo?aiiaai oeeaaea. Anee caiyoueny eneeth/eoaeueii
ai?ueaith n ?aaiethoeeae, oi a eo/oai neo/aa ono?aiei iineaaenoaea, a ia
i?e/eio... Oai, aaea i?aaeoaeuenoai iiaaaeaeaei ?aaiethoeeth (I?onney,
Aano?ey), iii oniaaaei ia eneeth/eoaeueii oece/aneith neeith, a oai,
/oi, iie?aynue ia neeo, naii noaiiaeeinue ai aeaaa ?aoi?i".
A 1906 a., a ia?eiae iaaeaeo ?inioneii Ia?aie Aeoiu e nicuaii Aoi?ie
Aeoiu, noieuieineia i?aaeoaeuenoai ioi?ieei caeiiiaeaoaeueii iniiaiua
yeaiaiou naiae aa?a?iie ?aoi?iu. Eca?aiiay oaeoeea caeeth/aeanue a oii,
/oiau iaeiicia/ii i?iaeaiiino?e?iaaoue, /oi eieoeeaoeaa enoiaeeo io
i?aaeoaeuenoaa, a ia io ia?eaiaioa?eaa, /uey aeaaiiaaeaaeiinoue auea
iinoaaeaia iiae niiiaiea.
Aieueoay /anoue noieuieineeo oeacia 1906 a. aeiaieueii aacaieaciaiii
aiieioeeanue a aa?a?iue caeii 1910 a. E oiio a?aiaie ii oaea oaeoe/anee
auiieiyeny a oa/aiea aieaa /ai o?ao eao. ?yae "aa?a?iuo" oeacia ia/aeny
oeacaie 12 e 27 aaaonoa 1906 a. i ia?aaea/a E?anoueyineiio aaieo
eacaiiuo e oaeaeueiuo caiaeue n oeaeueth iineaaeothuae eo ?ani?iaeaaee
e?anoueyiai ii oeaia ia aeaaaeoeaoue i?ioeaioia ieaea ?uii/iie. A
ieoya?a auei ioiaiaii iieiaeaiea, ii eioi?iio e?anoueyia iaycaiu auee
eni?aoeaaoue niaeaney iaueiu ia aioo?enaiaeiue ia?aaeae caiee e ia
iieo/aiea ianii?oa aeey auacaea ec aea?aaie. Oaeaea auei ioiaiaii i?aai
caineeo caiaeueiuo ia/aeueieeia ii nianoaaiiiio oniio?aieth
a?anoiauaaoue e oo?aoiaaoue e?anoueyi. 9 iiya?y auoae naiue aaaeiue oeac
a yoii iaeaoa - ooaa?aeaeaaoee i?aaa aeaau eaaeaeiai e?anoueyineiai
aeai?a i?eaaoece?iaaoue iaueiiua caiee, iaoiaeyueany a aai aeaaeaiee.
Iaeiia?aiaiii ooaa?aeaeaeinue i?aai o?aaiaaoue iauaaeeiaiey ?ac?iciaiiuo
iieinie caiee a aaeeiue iaaeae (eee iieo/aoue aeaiaaeioth eiiiainaoeeth
io iaueiu ca oa iieinee, eioi?ua iaeuecy auei iauaaeeieoue). Iicaeiaa
auei i?eiyoi ?aoaiea, /oi niaeaney iieiaeiu e?anoueyineeo aeai?ia auei
aeinoaoi/ii aeey ioiaiu ia?aaeaeueiie iaueiu e ia?aoiaea anao iaueiiuo
caiaeue a /anoioth nianoaaiiinoue eo aea?aeaoaeae. Oeacii io 15 iiya?y
?ac?aoaeny caeeaae iaueiiuo caiaeue, /oi ioe?uei iiaoth noa?o
aeayoaeueiinoe aeey E?anoueyineiai aaiea, /uee oiiaeu cia/eoaeueii
oaaee/eeenue, a oaeaea ?anoe?eei e?aaeeou, aeinooiiua aieaa
ninoiyoaeueiui e?anoueyiai. ?yae aeiiieieoaeueiuo oaaia caaa?oae yoe
?aoi?iu. Oae, aue aaaaeai a aeaenoaea caeiiii?iaeo, niaeanii eioi?iio
naiaeiay nianoaaiiinoue ia caieth caiaiyeanue eiaeeaeaeoaeueiie /anoiie
nianoaaiiinoueth. Auea nicaeaia aaeieieno?aoeaiay nenoaia, iai?aaeaiiay
ia niaa?oainoaiaaiea iaueiiuo e iaaeiaueiiuo ia?aaeaeia caiee,
caieaono?ienoaa e iniaaiii ia nicaeaiea oooi?ia. Oaeea oicyenoaa,
aace?othueany ia oeaeii eonea caiee, noiyuea ioaeaeueii io aea?aaie,
auee ioeoeeaeueii i?iaicaeaoaiu iioeiaeueiie oi?iie
iaeeinianoaaiie/aneiai naeueneiai oicyenoaa. Yoe oicyenoaa
iieueciaaeenue eueaioaie, eiaaea i?iaiaeeeenue caiaeueiua i?iaeaaee
ainoaea?noaaiiui E?anoueyineei aaieii, eiaaea i?aaeinoaaeyeenue
ainoaea?noaaiiua e?aaeeou e eiaaea i?eaaoece?iaaeanue iaueiiay caiey.
Ainoaea?noaaiiua caiee auee i?aaeeiaeaiu aeey eieiiecaoeee a aceaoneie
?innee e ia Eaaeaca e?anoueyiaie Oeaio?aeueiie ?innee. Yoa eieiiecaoeey
/anoe/ii oeiaine?iaaeanue i?aaeoaeuenoaii. Iicaeiaa, a 1910 a., a
i?ioeanna i?aia?aciaaiey oeaca io 9 iiya?y 1906 a. a caeii
Ainoaea?noaaiiue niaao "oaeanoi/ee" aai, aeiaaaea iieiaeaiea, ii
eioi?iio ana iaueiiua caiee, eioi?ua ia iiaeaa?aaeenue iieiui caiaeueiui
ia?aaeaeai n 1861 a., iauyaeyeenue i?eaaoece?iaaiiuie, a aeaaeathuea eie
iaueiu iauyaeyeenue ianouanoaothueie. N?aaieoaeueii aeaaeeee ia?aoiae
noieuieineeo oeacia a caeiiu iauyniyaony oai oaeoii, /oi ia yoio ?ac
aieueoeinoai ?inneeneiai /eiiaie/anoaa, iiiaueeia e aeeaeaeoaai
ie?oaeaiey oea?y (oao, eiai ?onneay ia?aciaaiiay ioaeeea iacuaaea
eaia?eeueae), a oaeaea ?inneeneea iiia?oenou-?aoi?iaoi?u e aieueoeinoai
eiina?aaoi?ia yoiai e?uea ieacaeenue aaeeiiaeooiu. Aeaaea aeaaiay
eiinoeoooeeiiaeenoneay iiiiceoeey a Aeoia - eaaeaou aic?aaeaee a
iniiaiii i?ioea oa?aeoa?a inouanoaeaiey ?aoi?iu - oiai, /oi iia
iaaycuaaeanue e?anoueyiai, - a ia i?ioea naiiai i?eioeeia i?eaaoecaoeee
caiee, nicaeaiey oooi?ia e ia?anaeai/aneie iieeoeee.
Aoi?ui noieiii ia/aeueiiai yoaia a?aiaeeiciiai i?iaeoa Noieuieia
aeieaeia auea noaoue aaeieieno?aoeaiay ?aoi?ia. *anoue aa yaii
oaycuaaeanue n i?iaiaeeiie i?eaaoecaoeeae e?anoueyineeo caiaeue e n
aeaeea?e?iaaiiui aeaeaieai aeeth/eoue ?inneeneia e?anoueyinoai a
?inneeneia iauanoai a oeaeii. Aeey yoiai iaiaoiaeeii auei ana iniaua
einoeooou, naycaiiua n e?anoueyineei nineiaeai, - oaeea, eae
e?anoueyineay "aieinoue" e aa noae, - caiaieoue iaueie, o.a.
aianineiaiuie i?aaiaie oi?aaeaiey. Iaeiaei oeaee aaeieieno?aoeaiie
?aoi?iu auee ai?acaei oe?a, /ai i?inoi iiaeno?aeaaiea iiae iiaoth
nenoaio caieaaeaaeaiey. Ae i?eaeaaaeinue cia/aiea "ia i?inoi
i?aeoe/aneie, ii iieeoe/aneie ?aoi?iu". Iia aeieaeia auea noaoue
iniiaiui yoaiii ia aeieaii iooe eciaiaiee a naiie i?e?iaea e
i?aaiecaoeeiiiie no?oeoo?a eiia?ee.
I?iaeo aaeieieno?aoeaiie ?aoi?iu i?aaeiieaaae aeey eaaeaeie aoaa?iee
o/?aaeaeaiea aoaa?ineiai oi?aaeaiey e ?anoe?aiea iieiiii/ee aoaa?iaoi?a.
I?aaeiieaaaeinue iiaeiyoue o?iaaiue aoaa?ineeo /eiiaieeia aunoaai caaia,
oeo/oeoue eo iiaeaioiaeo e oaaee/eoue aeaeiaaiuea. A eaaeaeie aieinoe e
a iaeaieaa e?oiiuo iinaeaieyo ieaie?iaaeinue o/?aaeeoue ianoiua aeanoe,
eioi?ua aeieaeiu auee ecae?aoueny ia oieueei e?anoueyiaie. Ia oacaeiii
o?iaia oaeaea iaia/aeenue cia/eoaeueiua eciaiaiey, iai?aaeaiiua ia
niaaeeiaiea aoaa?ineiai e aieinoiiai o?iaiy oi?aaeaiey. A eaaeaeue oacae
aeieaeai aue iacia/aoueny aeaaa aaeieieno?aoeee acaiai nouanoaothuae
nenoaiu i?yiiai iiae/eiaiey aoaa?iee, - i?e eioi?ii ianoiue
i?aaeaiaeeoaeue aeai?yinoaa n/eoaeny "ia?aui eeoeii" a ?anieua/aoii
oacaeiii ?oeiaiaenoaa. Cainoaai aeieaeiu auee auoue i?aaeinoaaeaiu
oaeaea aieaa oe?ieea i?aaa. ?anniao?eaaeenue e aieaa ?aaeeeaeueiua
ia?aiaiu, iaeiaei iie auee ioeiaeaiu, o/eouaay a?aaeaeaaiia ioiioaiea
oea?y e aeaoeaio?aeecaoeee (a iniaaiiinoe e ?anniao?eaaaiie eaeaa
?acaeaeaiey ?innee ia aeaayoue e?oiiuo ?aaeiiia, iaaeaeaiiuo
cia/eoaeueiie aaoiiiieae ii oeio aia?eeaineeo "ooaoia" eee aa?iaineeo
"caiaeue").
Ia?aeeaeueii noieuieineia i?aaeoaeuenoai aianei a Aeoio e ae?oaea
caeiiiaeaoaeueiua i?iaeou. Oae, i?aaeiieaaaeinue ioiaieoue i?aaiaoth
ouaieaiiinoue noa?iia?yaeoeaa, a oaeaea niyoue iaeioi?ua ia?aie/aiey ii
ioiioaieth e aa?ayi. Aeieaeii auei auoue oniaa?oainoaiaaii ?oeiaiaenoai
i?aaineaaiie oea?eiaueth. Oaeaea ?anniao?eaaeenue iieiaeaiey ii
nioeeaeueiiio iaania/aieth: ainoaea?noaaiiia cae?aaiio?aiaiea, iainee
aeey ?aai/eo, a oaeaea caeii i anaiauai ia/aeueiii ia?aciaaiee ia/aee
naie aeieaee iooue e noaoono caeiiia.
Iiai?ioiuie ioieoaie noieuieineie y?u noaee aai ii?aaeaiey a ai?ueaa ca
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai ii ?aoi?iai nenoaiu oi?aaeaiey e ii i?aaai
"iaiueoeinoa". Iaa yoe ii?aaeaiey auee iaianaiu i?aaeoaeuenoao i?aaie
iiiiceoeeae, eioi?ay ioianeanue e ?aoi?ia ianoiuo i?aaiia oi?aaeaiey n
ioe?uoie a?aaeaeaaiinoueth. A ia/aea 1907 a. aeaeaaaou o?aoueaai nuacaea
Iauaaeeiaiiiai aeai?yinoaa e iiiaea /eaiu Ainoaea?noaaiiiai niaaoa
cayaeee naith iiiiceoeeiiiinoue e i?aaenoaaeee iineaaeiaaoaeueioth
a?aoiaioaoeeth i?ioea yoeo i?iaeoia. E 1908 a. ia i?aaii iieeoe/aneii
oeaiaa aiieia neiaeeeanue eiaeeoeey iaiaaenoieeia Noieuieia. A iaa
aoiaeeee aeeyoaeueiua a?oiie?iaee aioo?e Ainoaea?noaaiiiai niaaoa e
Iauaaeeiaiiiai aeai?yinoaa, a oaeaea aunoea ea?a?oe i?aaineaaiie
oea?eae, iiiaea aunieiiinoaaeaiiua /eiiaieee, eioi?ua iuouaee naay ia o
aeae a naaoa iiauo iieeoe/aneeo yenia?eiaioia, iethn aieueoay /anoue
"eaia?eeuee" a nithca n e?aeia i?aauie iieeoeeaie Aeoiu e iaeioi?uie
aeeceeie e iei aeo?iaeenoaie. Aeaoniuneaiiinoue iieiaeaiey
i?aiuea?-ieieno?a, eioi?ue aeieaeai aue aeaenoaiaaoue eae neoaa oea?y,
eae /eiiaiee e eae ia?eaiaioneee iieeoee iaeiia?aiaiii, auea
eniieueciaaia a iieiie ia?a. Eca?aiiay oaeoeea iaiaaeie ia Noieuieia
auea iai?aaeaia ia oi, /oiau eeoeoue aai iiaeaea?aeee oea?y
ooaa?aeaeaieai, aoaeoi i?aiuea?-ieieno? anooiee a nithc n eiina?aaoeaiie
Aeoiie i?ioea a?aaeaeaaiie ae iiiiceoeee naa?oeiina?aaoeaiuo e enoeiii
aa?iiiiaeaeaiiuo ?aaeoeeiia?ia - ae?oaeie neiaaie, iinoaaee naay a
iiiiceoeeth iiia?oo. A oi aea a?aiy i?aaei?eieiaeenue oaae aeey oiai,
/oiau ?ac?ooeoue iaaeaniue nithc Noieuieia n ieoya?enoneei aieueoeinoaii
a O?aoueae Aeoia, n oai /oiau naeaeaoue aai i?aaeoaeuenoai aaniiiiuiui
ai anao caaiueyo iieeoe/aneie aeecie ioeoeeaeueiie ?innee. I?a?iaaoeaa
iiia?oa auea eca?aia iniiaiui oieonii aioenoieuieineie eaiiaiee. Yoa
eaiiaiey oaeaeanue aiieia.
Ianiio?y ia ooi e y?inoue noieuieineeo oneeee, ii iinoaiaiii oa?ye
iiceoeee e ionooiae iiae iaaeeiii i?aaiai e?uea. Aai aaoi?eoao e
iieiaeaiea caaenaee io oea?y, eioi?ue, oaea iinea aeaaee Noieuieia a
aanaaea n Eieiaoeiaui i ooieoeeyo i?aiuea?-ieieno?a a ?innee, oae
iiiyioe iieieiiai i?aiuea?a: "Ia neaaeoeoa i?eia?o Iao?a A?eaaeueaae/a,
eioi?ue eae-oi noa?aeny ana iaiy caneiiyoue". Oea?ue ioioii aa?ee
iaoaiouaaieyi, /oi Noieuiei ia i?aaei?eieiae iaiaoiaeeiuo oaaia aeey
caueou i?a?iaaoea ei?iiu; ii niiaa e niiaa e?eoeeiaae Noieuieia e
ioaa?aae caeiiu, i?eiyoua i?aaeoaeuenoaii, oaeei ia?acii aeaaay iiiyoue,
eoi ianoiyuee oicyei.
Noieuiei caueuaeny e neiaaniuie aeieacaoaeuenoaaie, e aaeieieno?aoeaiuie
iaoiaeaie, e n iiiiuueth i?annu. Aio oaeaaaeinue aea?aeaoueny oeaiie,
eioi?oth oae noiie?iaae iaeei ec aai aeeaeaeoeo iiiiuieeia: "E eiioeo
aeiy ii ?anoai?yeny a eiii?iiennao".
Ia?aeiiiue iiiaio ianooiee a 1909 a., eiaaea Noieuiei iiaeae i?ioaiea ia
ionoaaea iinea oiai, eae aai iaaeieee a ionoonoaee aeieaeiiai ?aaiey a
caueoa aaoi?eoaoa oea?y. Oea?ue ia i?eiye ionoaaee, iaeiaei neaaia ianoi
Noieuieia auei iaia?oaeaii. Ii iiiuoaeny oie?ioai?eoue naieo e?eoeeia
ni?aaa e oea?neee aeai? iooai ia?aiina aeoeaioa a nianoaaiiuo cayaeaieyo
e iiauo caeiiiaeaoaeueiuo i?aaeeiaeaieyo ia ?oneoeeaoeeth "ie?aei" -
i?iaoy ?acua?aoue iaoeeiiaeenoe/aneoth ea?oo. Iaeiaei Noieuiei oae e ia
ia?ae aiiaue aeiaa?ey i?aauo e?oaia, e i?ioiaeaeaiea ae?oaeo aai
caeiiii?iaeoia ia iaeaa/eeinue. I?e ?anoouae iiaeaea?aeea ni noi?iiu
?iaenoaaiieeia oea?y, aai ae?ocae e naiiaieeia ec aeeaeaeoaai oea?neiai
ie?oaeaiey o?aaey Noieuieia i?iaeieaeaeanue, a oi a?aiy eae iiiaea ec
oao aeaiooaoia Aeoiu, eoi ioiineeny e iaio n oaaaeaieai, iaoiaeeee ana
aieaa neiaeiui i?iaeieaeaoue iiaeaea?aeeaaoue i?aiuea?-ieieno?a a aai
"iii?aaaiee".
A?aaai Noieuieia a eiioea eiioeia oaeaeinue iaianoe aio aeanoieee oaea?
a ia?oa 1911 a. ii aii?ino caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa i nicaeaiee cainoa a
caiaaeiuo aoaa?ieyo ?innee. E na?aaeeia 1911 a. aai iieeoe/aneay nia?oue
aeeceeanue, e ii nai iniciaaae yoi. Aai ono?aiaiea n iieeoe/aneie a?aiu
noaei eeoue aii?inii a?aiaie, e aeaaea niinia inouanoaeaiey aue oaea,
ii-aeaeeiiio, aua?ai oea?neei ie?oaeaieai - ?aoaii auei naeaeaoue
Noieuieia iaianoieeii Eaaeaca, /oi oaeaeeei au aai ia "ii/aoioth
aeieaeiinoue" io Naieo-Iaoa?ao?aa e ?aaeueiie iieeoeee. Inouanoaeaieth
yoiai ieaia iiiaoaea aai nia?oue.
Noieuiei aue oaeo a naioya?a 1911 a. aeaieiui aaaioii Ae.Aaa?iaui,
/aeiaaeii, eioi?ue aue iaeiia?aiaiii nio?oaeieeii io?aiee e /eaiii
aia?oenoneiai aeaeaeaiey. Aai auno?ae e oaeeaeoaeueiay iaeiiiaoaioiinoue
ioeoea?ia aaciianiinoe aeaee iniiaaiea iiiaei (aeeth/ay naiueth
Noieuieia) n/eoaoue, /oi yoi aue ?acoeueoao caaiai?a ioeoea?ia iieeoeee.
Iyoue eao iieeoe/aneie ae?aiu, naycaiiie n eiaiai Noieuieia,
iiaeaa?aaeenue ?acee/iui eioa?i?aoaoeeyi. Aai ia?ac a ?aaioao enoi?eeia
aia Niaaoneie ?innee eieaaaeny io iao?eioe/anee iano?iaiiiai caueoieea
iiaie aeaiie?aoee, iniiaaiiie ia iaeeinianoaaiie/aneii e?anoueyineii
oicyenoaa, aei ?aiiae aa?nee oaoenoa-enaiioiaa ia neoaeaa ?onneiai
oea?y, enoeiiiai i?aaenoaaeoaey ?onneiai ?aaeoeeiiiiai aeai?yinoaa.
Niaaoneea enoi?eee iaecaaaeii ia/eiaee ?acaiai? ia yoii /aeiaaea e iai
anai ia?eiaea, caeeaeiea aai (n eaaeie ?oee Eaieia) "aiiaia?oenoii",
iaeiaei eioa?i?aoaoeey yoiai neiaa iaiyeanue e oai.
Aioei?aaeoaeuenoaaiiua iaiaaeee, i?aaei?eieiaaoeany ?inneeneeie
?aaeoeeiia?aie, e ioaaoiua ia?u Noieuieia (oae aea eae e aai iiiuoee
aeinoe/ue eiii?iienna, io eioi?iai iie oeeiiyeenue), ii anae aeaeeiinoe,
ia auee i?inoi ?aciieaeie ia?oia?ia i?e ?acaeaea aeiau/e. Oeaee
Noieuieia e ?aaeoeeiia?ia nouanoaaiii e iineaaeiaaoaeueii ?acee/aeenue.
Iaaeaeo ieie oea ino?aeoay ai?ueaa.
Anee a?aoue ai aieiaiea naiiioeaieo nia?aiaiieeia, iaiaoiaeeii ia/eiaoue
n naiiai Noieuieia e n aai aeeaeaeoeo iiiiuieeia. E 1909 a., i?iaiaey
iieeoeeo, yaeaoothny ioaaoii ia iiuo ?aaiethoeee 1905 - 1907 aa. e
iai?aaeaiioth ia oi, /oiau iiaeiaiia ia iiaoi?eeinue, ieeoi ec ieo ia
niiiaaaeny a oii, eoi ec "enoaaeeoiaioa" iuoaeny oie/oiaeeoue Noieuieia
e ii/aio. Iie oaeaea ia niiiaaaeenue, /oi Noieuieia aoaeiaaee ni?aaa oa,
eoi ie/aio ia iao/eeenue e ie/aai ia caauee. ?inneeneay i?aayuay yeeoa
oaeaea ciaea, /oi ai?ueaa iaaeaeo Noieuieiui e aai iiiiiaioaie ni?aaa
auea ai?ueaie ia ia aeeciue a ia nia?oue, e /oi io aa enoiaea caaenaea a
iaiaeie ia?a noaeueaa ?innee. Yoi aeaenoaeoaeueii oae, anee oieueei ia
n/eoaoue, /oi ?inneeneia aeai?yinoai e ?inneeneee oea?ue caieiaeenue
eeanniaui naiioaeenoaii, i?aaeii?aaeaeaiiui iaoiieeiuie "caeiiaie
enoi?ee".
A ie?a, aaea O?aiei oi?aaeye Eniaieae ia i?ioyaeaiee aeecie oeaeiai
iieieaiey e oia? a nianoaaiiie iinoaee a i?aceaeaioneii aeai?oea, e aaea
Oiiaeie niia a ei?ia eciaieoue oiae enoi?ee E?aia, auei au ia?acoiii
noaaeoue ?aaeueioth enoi?eth i?inoi a caaeneiinoue io caeiiia i?ia?anna.
Eiia/ii, enoi?eia?aoey ioaeia e iio/eoaeueia, iaeiaei eiie?aoiua
?acoeueoaou iieeoe/aneeo aeoa e oa eee eiua "iooe" e "iiai?iou"
?acee/iuo iauanoa iaauaiaeeiu ec iaa. E?iia oiai, ?anniao?eaay iiaeaee
nioeeaeueiuo eciaiaiee, iiaeii oaeaeaoue, iiieii anaiaueo eee
oieeaeueiuo, oaeaea ianeieueei oeie/aneeo iooae, aaaeoueo io
aeieaieoaeenoe/aneeo oeeaaeia. Iaeei ec yoeo iooae, eioi?ue naaiaeiy iu
iau/ii iacuaaai yaeaieai "?acaeaathueony iauanoa" (/oi naii ii naaa
yaeyaony e?aeiei iaiauaieai), aue oa?aeoa?ai aeey ?innee ?oaaaea aaeia.
A 1904 - 1906 aa. Noieuiei iaia?oaeee ?inneth, eioi?ay auea ia iioiaea
ia oio ia?ac, eioi?ue ii e aai iieieaiea ianee a naaa, e o iaai oaaoeei
ioaeanoaa iiniio?aoue i?aaaea a aeaca. Ii ia/ae ai?ueao ca ?inneth,
eioi?ay cia/eoaeueii ioee/aeanue au io oie ?innee, a eioi?ie ii au?in, e
ca eioi?oth ana aua aea?aeaeny e eeann, e eiaio ii i?eiaaeeaaeae, e aai
oea?ue. A /ai aea cia/aiea i?aaeeaaaaiiai ei iooe? E?iia oiai, n oao ii?
?aoi?iu oeia noieuieineeo niiaa e niiaa i?aaei?eieiathony oi a iaeiie,
oi a ae?oaie no?aia ie?a. Ii/aio? E iaeiiaoe, Noieuiei iioa?iae
ii?aaeaiea ia io caeiiia enoi?ee, a io eiie?aoiuo iieeoe/aneeo nee. *oi
yoi auee ca iieeoe/aneea neeu?
Neeaae oia e iai?aaeaiiinoue Noieuieia e aai aeeaeaeoeo iiiiuieeia auee,
a nouiinoe, i?aaiaoe/aneeie, e eiioeaiooaeueiia niaea?aeaiea oiai, /oi
iie iuoaeenue aeaeaoue, ieeiaaea ia auei au?aaeaii eie a aeaea nayciie
oai?ee. O ieo ia auei Aaeaia Nieoa eee O?eae?eoa Eenoa, eioi?ua
au?aaioaee au iniiaiiieaaathuea i?eioeeiu aeey iino?iaiey yeiiiie/aneeo
no?aoaaee ianoiyuaai e aoaeouaai, oao eee eiuo i?aaeoaeuenoa e
i?aaeoaeae. Eo/oea oai?aoe/aneea oiu ?innee auee caiyou ae?oaeie
i?iaeaiaie. Oai ia iaiaa, ianiio?y ia naith noaoaii?aeoe/aneoth
iai?aaeaiiinoue, iieeoeea Noieuieia e aai eiiaiaeu noaeaeaii auei aieoe
a enoi?eth oai?aoe/aneie iunee eae ?innee, oae e ae?oaeo no?ai, eoaea
iia ia?aoea /a?ac ?aaiou oaeeo enneaaeiaaoaeae, eae A.Aa?oaie?ii ec
Aa?aa?aea eee - e?eoe/anee - I.Aa?ai ec Noaioi?aea, ?anniao?eaaaoeo aa
eae yeaiaio "oai?ee ?acaeoey", aeeneonnee ii i?iaeaiai "iiaea?iecaoeee"
e "caaeneiinoe", nii?ia, ii?aaeaeyaoeo yeiiiie/aneea no?aoaaee ai anai
ie?a a 50-a - 70-a aiaeu oaeouaai noieaoey. Noaey ii yoiio e?eoa?eth, a
oaeaea e ii oiio, eae noieuieineea ?aoi?iu naycaeenue n ai?ueaie ca
no?oeoo?iia i?aia?aciaaiea iauanoaa, Noieuieia iiaeii iacaaoue
?aaiethoeeiia?ii iunee e aeaenoaey, oioy oaeia ii?aaeaeaiea a?yae ee au
aio iii?aaeeinue. E?iia oiai, aiciiaeiinoue oniaoa aai ?aoi?i iaeuecy
eneeth/aoue ia /enoi oai?aoe/aneeo iniiaaieyo.
No?aoaaey Noieuieia i?eieiaea ai aieiaiea ia oieueei enoi?eth Aa?iiu e
aeaeaiea "aeiaiaoue Aa?iio", ii oaeaea e iaeioi?ua iniiaiua yeaiaiou
?inneeneiai naiaia?acey. Eeanne/aneay iieeoe/aneay yeiiiiey Aaeaia Nieoa
e ?eea?aei io?aceea e enneaaeiaaea ia?aue eaieoaeenoe/aneee iiaeuai a
Aa?iia. O?eae?eoo Eenoo i?eiaaeeaaeeo, eae ioia/aeinue auoa, "ia?aay
iii?aaea" e yoie oai?ee, eioi?ay noaea iniiaie aeey iieeoeee "aoi?ie
aieiu" eiaeono?eaeecaoeee a Aa?iaiee e ssiiiee. "Aoi?ay iii?aaea" e
acaeyaeo eeanne/aneie oeieu - yoi iiieiaiea oiai, /oi ?aaeeeaeueiia
nioeeaeueiia i?aia?aciaaiea naeueneiai iauanoaa e ainoaea?noaaiiiai
aiia?aoa - ?aaiethoeey naa?oo - aeieaeii i?ienoiaeeoue aei eee ii
e?aeiae ia?a iaeiia?aiaiii n i?iaaaeaieai i?ioaeoeeiienoneie iieeoeee
eiaeono?eaeecaoeee. Noieuieineee "iaeao ?aoi?i" e aeaeueiaeoea oaae,
eioi?ua ec iaai auoaeaee, auee iai?aaeaiu ia inouanoaeaiea "aoi?ie
iii?aaee", oioy yoi e ia au?aaeaeinue a iiaeiaiuo oa?ieiao. Yoa
i?ia?aiia oaeaea eiae/ia a nia?aiaiiie neooaoeee iiiaeo "?acaeaathueony
iauanoa". Aio ii/aio oaeea i?ia?aiiu aei neo ii? i?eaeaeatho e naaa
aieiaiea yeiiiienoia e iieeoeeia. Iaeiaei i?inoi eiaeea ia aa?aioe?oao
oi?ioeo iieeoe/aneeo ?acoeueoaoia. A ia?eiae 1906 - 1911 aa. aii?in
caeeth/aeny a oii, niiniaai ee Noieuiei inouanoaeoue naith no?aoaaeth -
iaaca?aaeeoue naieo a?aaia e caaeaenoaiaaoue nioeeaeueiua neeu,
niiniaiua aiieioeoue aai eaeae.
I?ioea "aaoaoaey" Noieuieia aunooiaee ana oa neeu, eioi?ua ai?ieenue n
naiiaea?aeaaeai a 1905 - 1907 aa. Aeey ?aaeeeaeia ii ieeoeaoai?ye
?ai?anneaioth i?e?iaeo oea?ecia. Aeey "eii?iaeoeaa" ii oaeaea
neiaieece?iaae ?inneeneee iaoeeiiaeeci. E?iia oiai, i?ioea aai
?aaiethoeeiiiuo ieaiia oe?ieeo ?aoi?i naa?oo aunooiaee ?aaeoeeiia?u e
eiina?aaoi?u ec n?aaeu /eiiaie/anoaa e iiiaueeia, iiceoeee eioi?uo
oe?aieeenue a ?acoeueoaoa ii?aaeaiey ?aaiethoeee, a oaeaea aeaaiaea?y
ee/iui i?eno?anoeyi e /a?oai naiiaea?aeaaiiai i?aaeoaey no?aiu. Ia
aeaiiino?e?iaaee iieeoe/aneie iiaeaea?aeee i?ia?anno ii-noieuieinee
aeaaea oa e?anoueyia, eoi auoiaeee ec iauei, a oae nii?ioeaeaiea ni
noi?iiu e?anoueyineeo iauei auei eiiaaea io/ayiiui e /anoi aanueia
yooaeoeaiui. Aa?a?iue eiiiiiaio ?aoi?i aucaae aieio i?eaaoecaoeee e
eieiiecaoeee caiaeue, iaeiaei e 1911 a. yoe i?ioeannu ia/aee caoooaoue.
A ethaeiia aeaoeua i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiie ?aoi?iu - oooi?a auee nicaeaiu ia
iaiaa /ai iaeiie aeanyoie i?eaaoece?iaaiiie caiee.
Noieuieineay i?ia?aiia auea "?aaiethoeeae naa?oo", eioi?oth ia
iiaeaea?aeeaaee ie iaeei e?oiiue iauanoaaiiue eeann, ie iaeia ia?oey eee
iauanoaaiiay i?aaiecaoeey. Iiyoiio eaaeaony iaaa?iyoiui, eae iia
Noieuiei, ?aniieaaay noieue ie/oiaeiie iiaeaea?aeeie, caiaoeaaoueny ia
noieue ei?aiiua nioeeaeueiua i?aia?aciaaiey. Ii?aceoaeueii iaeia /enei
ethaeae ?aoeee inouanoaeyoue yoe i?aia?aciaaiey ianiio?y ie ia /oi. *oi
aea aeaaaei ei aiciiaeiinoue iaaeayoueny ia oniao? Aioiaiinoue e a
iaiaeie ia?a niiniaiinoue i?eiyoue oaeie aucia ii?aaeaeyeenue aunieei
iieiaeaieai a eneeth/eoaeueii iiaouanoaaiiie ath?ie?aoee, a oaeaea
aunieiia?ea ?inneeneeo naiiaieeia, eioi?ua n/eoaee naay iieiiii/iuie
i?aaenoaaeoaeyie /aou?aonioeaoiae enoi?ee iai?a?uaii ?anoouae ?innee e
aa naiiaea?aeaaiie iiia?oee. Eae e iaeioi?ua i?aaenoaaeoaee ?inneeneie
eeaa?aeueiie eioaeeeaaioeee XIX a., iie n/eoaee, /oi iniiaiui
aeinoieinoaii oea?neie aeanoe auea aa niiniaiinoue eaii?e?iaaoue
nioeeaeueiua ianoiyoaeuenoaa e ethaua "ia?oeeoey?iua" i?aaenoaaeaiey,
noiyoue iaae caeiiii e aeeyoue ia oiae enoi?ee, iiae/eiyy
ianoiyoaeuenoaa naiae aiea e ianaaeaeay oi, /oi "ioaeii aeey aeaaa
?innee". Iaeiaei, /oiau inouanoaeoue oa nioeeaeueiua i?aia?aciaaiey,
eioi?ua iie caiuoeyee, ei ioaeiu auee "eaae?u" - eiiiaoaioiue "aaiooaa"
niaoeeaeenoia-oai?aoeeia e aeinoaoi/ii aieueoay a?iey eniieieoaeae,
iaeaaeathueo ia iau/iie /eiiaie/ueae aeeo?aoiinoueth, ii oi?yiui
yiooceaciii e aeenoeeieeie?iaaiiui ?aaieai. Iaaei ioiaoeoue, /oi
ia?niiae, caieiaaoeeny inouanoaeaieai aa?a?iie ?aoi?iu, e ai?yiue
ianeieueei eciaieeny e eo/oaio: ia ianoi ia?aie/aiiuo e iao?ea?oaeueiuo
caineeo ia/aeueieeia i?eoee aieaa iiaeaioiaeaiiua, aieaa nia?aiaiiua e
aieaa i?ioanneiiaeueiua /eiiaieee iiaiai ieienoa?noaa naeueneiai
oicyenoaa. Iaeiaei yoa iaei/eneaiiay a?oiia auea ia?aie/aia eeoue noa?ie
naeueneiai oicyenoaa, e e oiio aea eo i?aaeaiiinoue eaeayi naiaai
i?aiuea?a auea niiieoaeueiie. *oiau oniaoii eniieueciaaoue iiuue
ainoaea?noaa a oeaeyo i?aia?aciaaiey ?innee aii?aee y?inoiiio
nii?ioeaeaieth iiiiceoeee, Noieuieio ioaeii auei ia oieueei oea?neia
aeaaiaieaiea, caeiiiaeaoaeueiay iiaeaea?aeea e yeiiiie/aneea ?ano?nu, ii
/oi-oi a?iaea ii?e/ieeia oea?y Eaaia A?iciiai, eioaeeeaaioia ec "Caiee e
aiee", eioi?ua "iioee a ia?iae", eee aea eiiniiieueoeaa e /aeenoia,
/ueeie ?oeaie i?iaiaeeeenue nia?oaeueiua noaeeineea ?aoi?iu 1929 - 1937
aa. Ie yae?i ?inneeneeo iieeoe/aneeo aeoeaenoia, ie eiina?aaoeaiia
aeai?yinoai, ie e?anoueyia, eioi?ua i?aaeiieiaeeoaeueii aeieaeiu auee
auea?aoue io yoeo ?aoi?i, - ie iaeia ec yoeo a?oii ia ieacuaaea
Noieuieio oaeie iiaeaea?aeee. *oi eanaaony naiiai Noieuieia, ii,
ii-aeaeeiiio, aeaaea ia iiieiae, /oi aeey niaa?oaiey ?aaiethoeee
iaiaoiaeeia eiai?oa ?aaiethoeeiia?ia.
Iineaaeothuee ia?eiae iieacae, ianeieueei ianeo/aeiie auea
ianiiniaiinoue Noieuieia eniieueciaaoue neeo ainoaea?noaa a aeaea
i?aia?aciaaiey ?innee a eiioaenoa caaeaenoaiaaiiuo iieeoe/aneeo nee. Ca
inoaaoeany aei e?aoa eiia?ee aiaeu ia auei ie iaeiiai ae?oaiai
i?aaeeiaeaiey, enoiaeyuaai io i?aayueo e?oaia, nouanoaaiii eciaieoue
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai ?innee.
Nienie eeoa?aoo?u:
1. http://www.russ.ru:8080/antolog/inoe/maljav.htm A. Iaeyaei,
1995.O?anoiiaoey iiaiai ?inneeneiai naiiniciaiey.
2. http://www.biography.com/biography/noieuiei
3. http://www.promto.net/pg
